TOK Essay Citation Styles

Chicago Citation Style

Chicago style is a citation style used in the humanities and social sciences, such as history, art, and anthropology. It has two variations: the Notes and Bibliography system and the Author-Date system. The Notes and Bibliography system is commonly used in literature, history, and the arts, while the Author-Date system is used in the social sciences.

The Chicago citation style requires that sources are cited in two places: within the text (in-text citation) and in a reference list at the end of the paper. In-text citations are usually placed in footnotes or endnotes and refer the reader to a specific source in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical list of all sources cited in the paper, with complete publication information.

How to Cite In-Text in Chicago Citation Style

In the Notes and Bibliography system, in-text citations are usually placed in footnotes or endnotes. The first time a source is cited, the full citation is provided, including the author’s name, title of the source, publication information, and page number(s). For example:

 John Joseph, The Importance of Citation Styles in Academic Writing (New York: Random House, 2021), 25.

A shortened citation can be used for subsequent citations of the same source. For example:

Joseph, Importance of Citation Styles, 30.

In the Author-Date system, in-text citations are placed in parentheses within the body of the paper, usually including the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number(s). For example:

(Joseph 2021, 25)

List multiple authors in the in-text citation for the first reference and use “et al.” for subsequent references. For example:

(Joseph, Johnson, and Lee 2021, 25) or (Joseph et al. 2021, 25)

How to Cite Sources in the Reference List in Chicago Citation Style

The reference list in Chicago style should be organized alphabetically by the author’s last name. Each entry should include the following information:

1. Author’s name, inverted (last name first).
2. Title of the source in italics.
3. Publication information includes the publisher’s name, publication date, and page numbers.
4. Format information, such as whether the source is a book, article, or website.

For example:

Joseph, John. The Importance of Citation Styles in Academic Writing. New York: Random House, 2021.

It’s important to follow the specific formatting guidelines for each source type, such as books, articles, or websites, as they may have different requirements. Chicago also has guidelines for citing sources with multiple authors, edited books, and electronic sources.

Harvard Citation Style

Harvard is a citation style used primarily in the social and natural sciences. It is also known as the author-date system, as it uses the author’s name and publication date in the in-text citation to refer the reader to the reference list at the end of the paper.

In Harvard style, sources are cited in two places: within the text (in-text citation) and in a reference list at the end of the paper. In-text citations include the author’s name and year of publication and are placed in parentheses within the body of the text. The reference list is an alphabetical list of all sources cited in the paper, with complete publication information.

How to Cite In-Text in Harvard Citation Style

In Harvard style, in-text citations include the author’s last name and year of publication and are usually placed in parentheses at the end of the sentence. For example:

(Joseph, 2021)

List multiple authors in the in-text citation for the first reference, and use “et al.” for subsequent references. For example:

(Joseph, Johnson, and Lee, 2021) or (Joseph et al., 2021)

If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the year of publication needs to be included in the parentheses. For example:

According to Joseph (2021), the importance of citation styles in academic writing cannot be overstated.

How to Cite Sources in the Reference List in Harvard Citation Style

The reference list in Harvard style should be organized alphabetically by the author’s last name. Each entry should include the following information:

1. The author’s name is inverted (last name first).
2. Year of publication, in parentheses.
3. Title of the source in italics.
4. Publication information includes the publisher’s name, publication date, and page numbers.
5. Format information, such as whether the source is a book, article, or website.

For example:

Joseph, John. (2021). The Importance of Citation Styles in Academic Writing. New York: Random House.

It’s essential to follow the specific formatting guidelines for each source type, such as books, articles, or websites, as they may have different requirements. Harvard also has guidelines for citing sources with multiple authors, edited books, and electronic sources.

1. Vancouver Citation Style

Vancouver citation style is primarily used in the medical and health sciences. In this style, in-text citations use Arabic numerals in square brackets, and the reference list is numbered in the order that sources are cited in the text.

2. IEEE Citation Style

IEEE citation style is commonly used in engineering, computer science, and other technical fields. In this style, in-text citations are numbered, and the reference list is numbered in the order that sources are cited in the text.

3. OSCOLA Citation Style:

OSCOLA citation style is primarily used in legal studies. In this style, in-text citations use footnote numbering, and the reference list is organized alphabetically.

4. AMA Citation Style:

AMA citation style is commonly used in medical research. In this style, in-text citations use superscript numbers, and the reference list is organized numerically.

Each citation style has specific guidelines for formatting in-text citations and reference lists, so it’s essential to consult a style guide or manual for the particular requirements.

Some common elements to consider when citing sources include the author’s name, publication year, title of the source, and publication information such as the publisher or journal name.